Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Enzyme Kinetics - Lab Report Example The results were tabulated, statistically treated and interpreted to reveal that enzymatic activities are affected by changes in temperature, such that as the temperature of the environment where the chemical reaction takes place increase, the chances of the rate of molecular collision increases causing a consistent increase in the production of glucose. The same concept holds true to ph, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration. Nevertheless, the rate of molecular reaction facilitated by enzymes ceases when enzymes as protein molecules are denatured because of extremes in these factors. But, a supplementary enzyme from an artificially concocted tablet like Lactaid when taken is capable of augmenting enzyme concentration in case the need arises. Plants, animals, and microorganisms body growth and development are products of kinetics in metabolic pathways (Mader, 2001). The kinetics or the speeding-up, or the slowing down of chemical reactions in these metabolic pathways is caused by enzymes (Miller and Levine 2003). Enzymes are commonly known as protein molecules that are preoccupied with control of chemical reactions in the metabolic pathway. ... Since enzymes are included in the process of metabolism, it is said that it also is responsible in producing all the chemicals in living organisms.Additionally, it is also considered as important factor for the fast process of metabolism. But in every process there are different factors that enzymes are conditioned. These determinants greatly contributed for the dynamic process of a living organism's metabolism.There were different laboratory studies conducted which determined that the speeding-up and slowing-down of metabolism are affected by its surroundings changes in temperature, intense shift in pH (high or low), which in turn affects the efficiency of enzymes. Another one is the substrate concentration, wherein this indicates the reaction of enzymes in a given condition, and lastly, the enzyme concentration which indicates the amount of enzymes in the substrates in a chemical reaction. This laboratory study revealed the important role of enzymes to sustain life. It indicated the progress of ones' metabolism with the proper condition of enzymes. There are thousands of enzymes that are known and each of it has their particular work. In every living organism, the metabolism process if very different from one of each other. This will determine the metabolic enzymes that should be evident in for example, digestion. There are thousands of enzymes that are evident and are important in every living organism. One of this is the enzyme lactase. Lactase enzyme is needed for proper digestion of lactose that is evident in dairy products. This typical enzyme is familiarly known to determine the cause and effect of improper digestion in living organisms. As observed, majority of human adults are victims

Utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill Essay

Utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) - Essay Example As Bentham wrote in Chapter 1 of ‘An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation,’ "By the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words, to promote or to oppose that happiness." (Bentham, 1823) Utilitarianism addresses the philosophical problem that occurs in the definition of â€Å"the good† in a pluralistic society where many people may differ on defining exactly what constitutes objective standards in moral reasoning. Utilitarianism is important in its relationship to the development of empirical standards in science to replace theological justifications of right and wrong in society, as well as in the growth of democracy, which required a solution to moral issues related to the disagreement among groups with different standar ds of belief. Utilitarianism is often summarized as â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number† being used to calculate the moral correctness of an action, decision, or policy for both individuals and society on a common standard. According to Larsen (2011), utilitarianism is â€Å"a normative ethical theory under ethical Naturalism† and also a â€Å"teleological – consequential (outcome based) – ethical theory†.... ed upon their outcome in society in producing the greatest good for the greatest number of people, and that the ‘utility’ of an action can be calculated through its use in the production of this social good. Utilitarianism as a guide to personal behavior can relate to both personal experiences of happiness or pleasure as a guide to conduct and a recognition of the greater good of society as a higher motivation for service. Through this, the basis for moral action is established in Utilitarianism for both the individual and society. One of the major ways that Bentham and Mill differed in their theory of Utilitarianism is that Bentham based his definition of ‘the good’ in a limited formulation of pleasure and pain that defined happiness objectively through the individual, but tended to reduce Utilitarianism to the principles of hedonism, while Mill based his definition of Utilitarianism in a conceptually expanded view of happiness that included societal ideals , virtues, and altruistic beliefs of human activity in order to represent ‘the greater good’ in a wider manner. (Driver, 2009) Another difference is that Bentham is regarded retrospectively as proposing â€Å"Act Utilitarianism† whereas Mill was an advocate of â€Å"Rule Utilitarianism†. (Lotito, 2002) Act Utilitarianism applies logic and reasoning to each individual and collective activity in order to determine through direct cognition, moral reasoning, and reflection whether or not the activity serves the happiness of the greatest number of people. Rule Utilitarianism seeks to establish predetermined rules of order related to moral reasoning that can be applied by the individual or groups in making decisions that operate on their own fundamentals of interpretation according to utilitarian logic and can